Landscape Reference Guide
The following is provided for informational purposes only and is only a guideline!Willoway makes no guarantees as to the completeness or accuracy of the following.
Native, Adaptive Native & Wetland Plants
The key to using native or wetland plants successfully is carefully choosing plants that will match your site conditions. While some native plants are tremendously adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions, many are quite habitat-specific. Before you start selecting plant materials, know your site, including the exposure, soil texture, pH, fertility, moisture conditions, weed problems, and the history of use. The conditions will need to be similar to a desired plant’s natural habitat. Some discrepancies can be corrected with soil amendments, mulching, fertilization, and other techniques, but these solutions may not overcome a poor match between your selected plant and site. The issue of native plants in the industry is sometimes confusing as to what is a true native and what is a adaptive native plant. The below list is a combination of several extension and industry lists of native, adaptive native and suggested wetland plants.
Acer rubrum Acer saccharum Amelanchier canadensis Amelanchier laevis Aronia arbutifolia Aronia melanocarpa Betula nigra Calycanthus floridus Campsis radicans Carpinus carolina Carpinus betulus Celtis occidentalis Cercis canadensis Chionanthus virginicus Clethrea alnifolia Cornus alternifolia Cornus florida Cornus racemosa Crategus curgalli Crategus phaenopyrum Eleagnus augustifolia Fagus sylvatica and cvs. Ferns-asst varieties Fraxinus americana Gleditsia tricanthos Gymnocladus diocia Hammamelis virginiana Ilex verticillata Itea virginica Juniper horizontalis Juniper communis Juniper virginiana Liquidamber styraciflua Lirodendron tulipifera Magnolia virginiana Malus spp.Myrica pennsylvanica Nyssa sylvatica Oxydendron arboreum Parthenocissus tricuspidata Picea abies Picea pungens Pinus nigra Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris Platanus x acerfolia Prunus virginiana Rhus typhina Rosa rugosa Quercus alba Quercus bicolor Quercus coccinea Quercus palustris Quercus rubra Quercus shumardii Rhodotypos scandens Rhus typhina Salix alba Syringa vulgaris Salix discolor Taxus cvs Taxodium distichum Thuja occidentalis Tilia americana Tilia cordata Tsuga canadensis Viburnum dentatum Viburnum dilatatum Viburnum lantana Viburnum lentago Viburnum prunifolium Viburnum trilobumPlants That Tolerate Clay Soil
Trees
Acer campestre and cvs. Acer rubrum and cvs. Acer saccharinum and cvs. Betula nigra spp. and cvs. Crategus spp. and cvs. Eleagnus augustifolia Gleditsia Triacanthos inermis and cvs. Koelreuteria paniculata Liquidamber styraciflua and cvs. Malus most cvs. Picea spp. and cvs. Platanus x acerfolia and cvs. Prunus Virg. ‘Shubert’ Pyrus, most cvs. Salix, most cvs. Taxoium distichum spp, and cvs. Ulmus spp. and cvs.
Shrubs
Aronia spp. and cvs Chaenomeles spp. and cvs. Cornus sericea, racemosa Eleagnus augustifoliaand cvs. Euonymus, most cvs. Forsythia x Spring Glory Hamamelis most cvs. Junipers horiz. spp. and cvs. Juniper virginiana and cvs. Kolkwitzia amabilis Lonicera tatericum spp and cvs. Myrica pennsylvanica Pyracantha spp. and cvs. Rhodotypos scandens Rhus spp. and cvs. Ribies alpinum Rosa rugosa and cvs.
Taxus most cvs. Viburnum dentatum and cvs. Viburnum lantana and cvs. Viburnum opulus and cvs.
Groundcovers & Perennials
Aegopodium pod. ‘Variegata’ Ajuga spp. and cvs. Euonymus fort. ‘Coloratus’ Grasses, ornamental, most Hemerocallis, all Hosta, all Houttuynia cordata ‘ Cameleon’ Juniper, Most low growing types Lonicera japonica ‘Halls’ Pachysandra Terminalis spp. and cvs.
Plants & Aerial Salt ToleranceVarieties List
This list is a suggestion of varieties and salt tolerances. This list is a guideline only and with the understanding that site variables, plant health and proper soil preparations may alter tolerance levels.
Trees
Plant Acer Campestre Acer Celebration Acer ginnala and cvs. Acer platanoides and cvs. Acer rubrum and cvs. Acer saccharium and cvs. Amelanchier spp. and cvs. Betula nigra spp. and cvs. Carpinus betula and cvs. Celtis occidientalis Cornus alternifolia Cornus kousa chinensis and cvs. Cornus mas and cvs. Fagus sylvatica spp.and cvs. Ginko biloba and cvs. Gymnocladus dioica and cvs. Liquidambar styraciflua and cvs. Tolerance ModerateModerateModerateTolerantSensitiveModerateModerateTolerant SensitiveSensitive SensitiveSensitiveSensitiveSensitiveTolerant Tolerant Sensitive Plant Lirodendron tulipifera Malus spp. and cvs. Metasequoia glyptostroboides Nyssa sylvatica Picea spp. and cvs. Pinus spp. and cvs. Platnus spp. and cvs. Populus spp. and cvs. Prunus and cvs. Pyrus calleryana and cvs. Quercus spp. and cvs. Salix spp. and cvs. Tilia cordata and cvs. Tsuga canadensis and cvs. Ulmus spp. and cvs. Zelkova serr. and cvs. Tolerance SensitiveModerateSensitive Tolerant Moderate Moderate Sensitive Tolerant Moderate Moderate Tolerant Moderate Moderate Sensitive Moderate ModerateShrubs
Plant Amelanchier canadensis and cvs. Aronia spp. and cvs. Azalea evergreen, decidous and cvs. Berberris thunbergi and cvs. Chaenomeles japonica and cvs. Cornus alba , sericea and cvs. Corylus avellana and cvs. Cotoneaster most cvs. Eleagnus spp and cvs. Eounymus alata and cvs. Euonymus fortunei and cvs. Forsythia x intermedia and cvs. Hamamelis spp. and cvs Hibiscus syriaca and cvs. Hydrangea most cvs. Hypericum spp. and cvs Ilex all evergreen types Ilex vert. and cvs. Junipers most cvs. Kolkwitzia amabilis and cvs. Ligustrum most cvs. Tolerance TolerantTolerant Sensitive Moderate SensitiveSensitive Sensitive Tolerant Tolerant Moderate Sensitive Moderate Tolerant Tolerant Moderate Tolerant Sensitive Tolerant Moderate ModerateModerate Plant Lonicera most cvs. Magnolia hybrids and cvs. Myrica pensylvanica Philadelphus Virginalis and cvs. Physocarpus opulifolia and cvs. Potentilla cvs. Prunus x cistena Pyracantha and cvs. Rhamnus fragula and cvs. Rhododendrons most Rhus most cvs. Ribies alpinum and cvs. Rosa and cvs. Spiraea and cvs. Syringa vulgaris and hyb. Taxus media and cvs. Thuja occidentalis and cvs. Viburnum most cvs. Weigelia florida and cvs. Yucca fillmentosa and cvs. Tolerance ModerateModerate Tolerant Tolerant Moderate Tolerant Tolerant SensitiveModerate Sensitive Tolerant Tolerant Moderate Sensitive Moderate Sensitive Sensitive Moderate Moderate TolerantPlants That Tolerate Urban Conditions
Shrubs
Aronia arbutifolia Berberis thunbergi and cvs. Celastris scandens Chaenomeles spp. and cvs. Chionathus virginicus Clethrea, all Cornus mas Cornus racemosa and cvs. Cotoneaster cvs. Eleagnus umbellata and cvs. Euonymus spp. and cvs. Forsythia spp. and cvs. Grasses, nearly all Hamamelis spp. and cvs. Hibiscus syriacus and cvs. Hydrangea most cvs. Hypericum spp. and cvs. Ilex crenata and cvs. Ilex glabra and cvs. Ilex x meserveae and cvs. Iltea spp. and cvs. Juniperus spp. and cvs. Ligustrum spp. and cvs. Lonicera spp. and cvs. Magnolia stellata and cvs. Myrica pensylvancia Potentilla, most Pyracantha spp. and cvs. Rhamnus spp. and cvs. Rhodotypos scandens Rhus spp. and cvs. Rosa rugosa and cvs. Salix spp. and cvs Spiraea spp. and cvs.Syringa x prestoniae and cvs.Syringa reticulata Syringa vulgaris and cvs. Taxus spp. and cvs. Viburnums, most Weigelia spp. and cvs. Wisteria sinensis and cvs. Yucca filimentosa and cvs.Trees
Acer sacharum and cvs. Acer ginnala Acer platanoides and cvs. Carpinus betulus and cvs. Celtis occidentalis and cvs. Chamaecyparis obtusa and cvs. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis and cvs. Crategus spp. and cvs. Eleagnus augustafolia Fagus sylvatica and cvs. Gleditsia tricanthos inermis and cvs. Gymnocladuc dioca Koelreuteria paniculata Laburnum x wateri “Vossi” Liquidamber styraciflua and cvs. Liriodendron tulipifera Malus spp. and cvs. Nyssa sylvatica Picea spp. and cvs. Pinus nigra Platnus spp. and cvs. Populus spp. cvs. and hybrids Pyrus calleryana and cvs. Taxodium distichum and cvs. Tillia codata and cvs. Ulmus cvs. and hybridsThe above list is from several professional sources and research projects. The list is growing due to new hybrid’s that are being introduced into the industry. This rush of products is being introduced as part of the green movement.
Butterfly Gardens
In creating a butterfly garden, you must provide a suitable habitat for the entire growing season. The preparation of the location and plant selection will increase your success and enjoyment of the garden. The butterfly garden should include: * Host plants for the larvae *Nectar plants for the adults *Water * Shelter from predators and weather * An open area where butterflies can bask in the sun.
Perennial Plants
Ageratum (Ageratum) Aster (Aster species) Bee-balm (Monarda didyma) Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia species) Bugle (Ajuga reptans) Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Coreopsis (Coreopsis species) Daisy, Shasta (Chrysanthemum maximum) Daylily (Hemerocallis species) False indigo (Baptisia australis) Gayfeather (Liatris species) Goldenrod (Solidago species) Hibiscus (Hibiscus species) Joe-pye weed (Eupatorium fistulosum) Passion flower (Passiflora species) Phlox (Phlox paniculata, P. carolina) Sage (Salvia leucantha; Salvia species) Sedum (Sedum species) Verbena (Verbena species) Yarrow (Achillea species)Trees and Shrubs
Buckeye (Aesculus parviflora; A. pavia) Buddleia (Buddleia davidii) Hawthorn (Crataegus species) Mock orange (Philadelphus species) Pear (Pyrus communis) Plum (Prunus species) Redbud (Cercis) Rose of sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) Spiraea (Spiraea species) Summersweet (Clethra alnifolia) Viburnum (Viburnum species)SUGGESTED LARVAL FOOD PLANTS: For Specific Types of Adult Butterfly
Asters (Aster species): Pearly crescentspot Antennaria, Anaphalis, Gnaphalium: American painted lady Cherry laurel, black cherry, wild plums (Prunus species ): Tiger swallowtail Clovers (Trifolium species) and other legumes: Sulfurs, gray hairstreak Dogwoods (Cornus species) and viburnum: Spring azureElm (Ulmus species), willows: Mourning cloak, viceroyHackberries (Celtis species): Hackberry butterflyMilkweed (Asclepias species): MonarchMustard family: Cabbage and checkered whites Native grasses : Various skippers Oaks (Quercus species): Banded hairstreakPassion flowers (Passiflora species): Gulf fritillaryPaw paw (Asimina species): Zebra swallowtailPipevines (Aristolochia species): Pipevine swallowtailSassafras (Sassafras occidentalis): Palamedes swallowtailSpicebush (Lindera benzoin): Spicebush swallowtailTulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera): Red-Spotted purplePlants For Hedges and WindbreaksGeneral Varieties List
This list is a suggestion of varieties that are used for hedges as well as a approximate height. The possibilities of course is endless and many other plants can be trimmed to fit into this category. When selecting a hedge or windbreak plant it is important to also consider soils, mature height as well as type of trimming that will be needed to maintain the desired design concept.
Plant Acer campestre Acer ginnala ‘Flame” Amelanchier cvs. Aronia Arbutifolia and cvs. Aronia melanocarpa and cvs.Berberis thunbergi and cvs. Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ Cornus sericea cvs. Cotinus coggygria cvs. Crategus crusgalli cvs Crategus phaenopyrum Eounymus alatus ‘Compacta’ Forsythia x ‘Spring Glory’ Hibiscus syriacus and cvs. Ilex x ‘China Boy & Girl’ Approx. height 20-25′ 12-15′ 12-18′ 6-8′ 4-8′ 3-5′ 25-30′ 5-8′ 12-15′ 15-20′ 18-20′ 8-10’4-8′ 8-10′ 8-10′ Plant Juniper s. ‘Witchita Blue’ Ligutrum o. regalianum Ligutrum x ‘Ibolium’ Ligustrum x ‘Vicary’ Lonicera fragrantissima Magnolia cvs Picea spp. cvs Pinus Strobus Quercus r. Fastigiata and cvs. Rhamnus frag. and cvs. Syringa vulgaris and cvs. Taxus spp. and cvs. Thuja occidentalis and cvs. Thuja plic. and cvs Tsuga canadensis Approx. height 15-18’5-7′ 8-10′ 5-6′ 6-10′ 15-30′ 30-60′ 50-60′ 50-60′ 12-15′ 10-20′ 8-10’10-18′ 10-18′ 25-40′Formal Clipped Hedges
This list suggests plants that will be able to take a tight regular formal trimming.
Plant Acer ginnala ‘Flame’ Berberis thunbergi and cvs. Buxus spp. and cvs Crategus crusgalli cvs Crategus phaenopyrum Eounymus alatus ‘Compacta’ Ilex x ‘China Boy & Girl’ Ilex x mes. cvs. Juniper virginana and cvs. Approx. height 12-15’3-5′ 2-8′ 15-20′ 18-20′ 8-10′ 8-10′ 10-15′ 12-18′ Plant Ligutrum o. regalianum Ligutrum x ‘Ibolium’ Ligustrum x ‘Vicary’ Lonicera tatarica anc cvs. Taxus spp. and cvs. Thuja occidentalis and cvs. Thuja plic. and cvs Tsuga canadensis Viburnum cvs. Approx. height 5-7’8-10′ 5-6′ 8-10′ 8-10′ 10-18′ 10-18′ 25-40′ 12-18′Tables & Conversions
Planting Groundcovers & Perennials
| Total Square Footage | Spacing Of Plants On Center | ||||||
| 4in | 6in | 8in | 12in | 18in | 24in | 36in | |
| 50 | 450 | 200 | 100 | 50 | 22 | 12 | 5 |
| 100 | 900 | 425 | 225 | 100 | 45 | 25 | 11 |
| 150 | 1350 | 650 | 350 | 150 | 67 | 37 | 16 |
| 200 | 1800 | 875 | 450 | 200 | 90 | 50 | 22 |
| 250 | 2250 | 1100 | 550 | 250 | 112 | 62 | 28 |
| 300 | 2700 | 1325 | 675 | 300 | 135 | 75 | 33 |
| 400 | 3600 | 1775 | 900 | 400 | 180 | 100 | 44 |
| 500 | 4500 | 2225 | 1100 | 500 | 225 | 125 | 55 |
| 600 | 5400 | 2675 | 1350 | 600 | 270 | 150 | 66 |
| 700 | 6300 | 3125 | 1550 | 700 | 315 | 175 | 77 |
| 800 | 7200 | 3575 | 1800 | 800 | 360 | 200 | 88 |
| 900 | 8100 | 4000 | 2000 | 900 | 405 | 225 | 99 |
| 1000 | 9000 | 4500 | 2250 | 1000 | 450 | 250 | 100 |
Coverage For Bulk Mulch and Other Products
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*Formulas for finding area or square footage:
CirclesTriangleRectangles and Square
Diameter x diameter x .78541/2 Length of the base x heightHeight x width